Method and apparatus for defining common entity relationships

ABSTRACT

A method, an apparatus, and a system for configuring, designing, and/or implementing common metadata and common data is detailed as a new type of data relationship, within and between databases.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application is a continuation in part of and claims thepriority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/152,683, filed on Jun.3, 2011 titled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONVERTING HETEROGENEOUSDATABASES INTO STANDARDIZED HOMOGENEOUS DATABASES”, inventor andapplicant Robert Mack, such that Jun. 3, 2011 is the earliest prioritydate for the present application.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to improved methods and apparatus concerning thedesign and development of data models and their associated databases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In 1976, the concept of entity-relationship diagramming and datamodeling was developed. Data entities and data entity relationships arethe major components of prior art entity-relationship diagrams. Onefunction of data models is to design database structures such asdatabase tables, database table columns, and database table indexes.

Data entity relationships are the only prior art data relationshipsrecognized by this methodology. These data entity relationships are usedto link data entities together to form designed data access pathsbetween the resultant instantiated database tables. These data accesspaths are used to join data from two or more database tables to form acoherent set of extended data records. These data entity relationshipsof data models and their associated database instantiated data accesspaths are essential to the fundamental function of all relationaldatabases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One or more embodiments of the present invention includes a method ofenhancing data models to declare common data attributes that function ascommon unique keys in multiple data entities in a computer memory.Common entity relationships, which are a new type of data entityrelationship, may also be added to the data model to designate thesemultiple data entities, which contain a common unique key, as commondata entities. A set of common data values may also be used to populatethe common database tables that are database instantiated from theserelated common data entities. A computer processor may be programmed bycomputer software stored in computer memory, to define common dataattributes, automatically or in response to a computer user's inputsthrough a computer interactive device, such as a computer keyboard, atouch screen monitor, or a computer mouse.

A method in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention, may further include the declaration of multiple databaseswithin a single data model, in a computer memory, for the purposes ofdesigning multiple databases within this single data model, in acomputer memory, as implemented for example by a computer processorprogrammed by computer software, stored in a computer memory.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an apparatus in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 2 depicts a prior art simple entity-relationship diagram of acountry data entity and a state data entity and a data entityrelationship linking the two data entities together that can bedisplayed on a display device of the apparatus of FIG. 1 or stored in acomputer memory of the apparatus of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 depicts a prior art pair of database tables linked by a foreignkey constraint that was database instantiated from theentity-relationship diagram shown in FIG. 2 and where the databasetables were also populated with data values, and where the databasetables with their data values can be displayed on a display device ofthe apparatus of FIG. 1 or stored in a computer memory of the apparatusof FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 depicts a spreadsheet of prior art referential integrity rulesfor a database foreign key constraint such as that shown in FIG. 3.These referential integrity rules may be declared for each data entityrelationship of an entity-relationship diagram such as the data entityrelationship shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 depicts a data architecture diagram that can be displayed on adisplay device of the apparatus of FIG. 1 and/or stored in a computermemory of the apparatus of FIG. 1; wherein this data architecturediagram contains three data entities wherein each data entity containsthe same primary key data attributes. These three data entities, thatshare a common unique key, are denoted as a set of common data entitiesthat are related by a common entity relationship set;

FIG. 6 depicts data architecture of three database tables that can bedisplayed on a display device of the apparatus of FIG. 1 and/or storedin a computer memory of the apparatus of FIG. 1; wherein each databasetable has a common unique index, declared as the primary key index fortheir respective database tables. Each of these three database tables,which share a common unique index, are denoted as a set of commondatabase tables that share a common unique index set;

FIG. 7 depicts a spreadsheet of common index integrity rules for commonindex master constraints, that can be displayed on a display device ofthe apparatus of FIG. 1 and/or stored in a computer memory of theapparatus of FIG. 1; where the common index integrity rules are declaredfor each common entity master relationship;

FIG. 8 depicts a spreadsheet of common index integrity rules for commonunique indexes, that can be displayed on a display device of theapparatus of FIG. 1 and/or stored in a computer memory of the apparatusof FIG. 1; where the common index integrity rules are declared for eachcommon entity relationship; and

FIG. 9 depicts a flow chart for a method of declaring common data entitysets and common entity relationship sets, in computer memory of theapparatus of FIG. 1, such as depicted in FIG. 5 and for databaseinstantiation in computer memory of the apparatus of FIG. 1 of thecommon database table sets and the common unique index sets as depictedin FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the present application the following terms have the followingdefinitions:

Alternate key—In an entity-relationship diagram (ERD), a data entity'salternate key is a unique key, stored in one or more computer memories,such as computer memory 8 in FIG. 1, that is declared by the computeruser using a data modeling program in the entity-relationship diagram asan alternate method of selecting unique data records from a resultantdatabase table by the database management system in one or more computermemories. In FIG. 1, the computer memory 8 may actually include one ormore computer memories. A database table's alternate key is a uniqueindex placed the database table in one or more computer memories by adatabase management system implemented by a computer processor, such ascomputer processor 4 in FIG. 1 and used to select data records from thedatabase table.

Common database table—A common database table is a database table storedin one or more computer memories by the database management system thatcontains a common unique index that is populated in one or more computermemories by the database management system with data values from acommon set of master data values stored in one or more computermemories.

Common database table set—A common database table set is a group ofcommon database tables stored in one or more computer memories by thedatabase management system that share a common unique index where thecommon unique indexes are each populated in one or more computermemories by the database management system from a common set of masterdata values stored in one or more computer memories.

Common database table master—A common database table master is acomputer user selected common database table from a common databasetable set in one or more computer memories that is populated in one ormore computer memories by the database management system with the commonset of master data values that is used as the source of data values forthe other common database tables of that common database table set inone or more computer memories.

Common data entity—A common data entity is a data entity stored in oneor more computer memories using a data modeling program that contains aunique key that has been declared by the computer user to be a commonunique key. When the common data entity undergoes database instantiationin one or more computer memories using the database management system,the result is a common database table in one or more computer memories.

Common data entity set—A common data entity set is a group of dataentities defined using a data modeling program in one or more computermemories that share a common unique key where the common unique key ofeach common data entity each contain the same grouping of dataattributes as defined by the computer user. In addition, the commonunique key is declared to have a common set of master data values by thecomputer user using a data modeling program.

Common entity relationship—A common entity relationship is apeer-to-peer type of entity relationship, defined by the computer userusing a data modeling program in one or more computer memories, whereineach common entity relationship is associated with a common data entitythat includes a declared common unique key as defined within the datamodel using a data modeling program, where the common unique key existsin the common data entity prior to adding the common entityrelationship.

Common entity relationship set—A common entity relationship set is acollection of common entity relationships, defined by a computer userusing a data modeling program stored in one or more computer memories,wherein each common entity relationship is defined using the same commonunique key of a common data entity.

Common entity master relationship—A common entity master relationship isa single common entity relationship from a common entity relationshipset, selected by a computer user executing a data modeling program,wherein the common entity master relationship denotes the common dataentity selected, in one or more computer memories, as the source of thecommon set of master data values.

Common index integrity rules—Common index integrity rules are defined ina data model and associated with each common entity relationship. Thesecommon index integrity rules define restrictions associated withcreating, updating, and deleting data records from a common set ofmaster data values in related common database tables from a singlecommon database table set.

Common index master constraint—A common index master constraint is a setof common unique index integrity restrictions, stored in one or morecomputer memories, used to enforce the common index integrity rules,also stored in one or more computer memories, between the commondatabase table master and the other common database tables of the commondatabase table set. The common database table master is populated withthe common set of master data values in one or more computer memories bythe database management system. In at least one embodiment of thepresent invention, the other common database tables of the commondatabase table set will be populated with the data values from thecommon database table master using the database management system in oneor more computer memories.

Common set of master data values—A common set of master data values is aset of data values, stored in one or more computer memories, used topopulate multiple common database tables by one or more databasemanagement system, and to enforce common index integrity rules betweencommon database tables of the common database table set, wherein thecommon index integrity rules are stored in one or more computer memoriesand are enforced by the one or more database management system in one ormore computer memories.

Common unique index—A common unique index is a database table uniqueindex, maintained by the database management system and stored in one ormore computer memories, wherein a common unique index is common to acommon database table set, which is designed to uniquely identify eachdata record of a common database table from that common database tableset. A common unique index is database instantiated using the databasemanagement system from a common unique key that is defined in a datamodel or a data architecture diagram by a computer user using a datamodeling program, wherein the data model or the data architecturediagram is stored in one or more computer memories.

Common unique index set—A common unique index set is a group of relatedcommon unique indexes as defined by a computer user using a datamodeling program and stored in one or more computer memories, whereineach common unique index is associated with a common database table fromthe same defined common database table set in one or more computermemories by the database management system.

Common unique key—A common unique key is a unique key declared by acomputer user using a data modeling program for a set of data attributescontained within a common data entity stored in one or more computermemories. Within a data modeling program, each data entity that containsa common unique key becomes a common data entity in one or more computermemories in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Within adata modeling program executing on a computer processor such as computerprocessor 4 of FIG. 1, each common data entity that contains the samecommon unique key becomes a part of the same common data entity setstored in computer memory 8 as programmed on computer processor 4. Toassure common unique index integrity within a common data entity set, acommon set of master data values is declared by a computer user using adata modeling program in one or more computer memories for each commonunique key.

Data architecture—A data architecture, for the purposes of the presentpatent application, is defined as a group of databases stored in one ormore computer memories by one or more database management systems thatshare at least one common unique index set stored in one or morecomputer memories and at least one common database table set stored inone or more computer memories by one or more database managementsystems. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, a dataarchitecture is database instantiation in one or more computer memoriesfrom a data architecture diagram stored in one or more computer memoriesusing a data modeling program.

Data architecture diagram—A data architecture diagram, for the purposesof the present patent application, is an entity-relationship diagram ora group of entity-relationship diagrams stored in one or more computermemories using a data modeling program, wherein the data architecturediagram contains multiple data model databases stored in one or morecomputer memories. A data architecture diagram would normally includeone or more common data entity sets and one or more common entityrelationship sets stored in one or more computer memories and defined bya computer user using a data modeling program.

Database—A database is generally a grouping of data values typicallystored in a computer memory and organized for convenient data valueaccess by a database management system. More specific to the presentpatent application, a database is a defined data structure, generallystored in a computer memory, comprised of database tables, commondatabase tables, database columns, database indexes, common uniqueindexes, foreign key constraints, common index master constraints andother database objects defined using a computer-based databasemanagement system.

Database management system—A database management system is a computersoftware application or software program stored in one or more computermemories, such as one or more of computer memory 8, and executed by acomputer processor such as processor 4 of FIG. 1 for maintainingdatabase objects, such as common database tables, database tableindexes, and foreign key constraints as well as database data valuesthat are populated into the database tables.

Database access path—A database access path is a designed linkagebetween two database tables where the set of data records from a firstdatabase table may be joined to the set of data records of a seconddatabase table to form a single concatenated set of data records, in oneor more computer memories using the database management system. Ajoining the first set of data records to the second set of data recordsis based upon common data values in each set of data record. Eachdatabase access paths is database instantiated, in one or more computermemories using the database management system, from a single data entityrelationship or a single common entity relationship of a data model. Thejoined sets of data records are formed into a single result set ofmetadata and data values that can be displayed on the display device 6of the apparatus 1 of FIG. 1 or stored in a computer memory 8 of theapparatus 1 of FIG. 1.

Database index—A database index is a type of database object associatedto a database table stored in computer memory using a databasemanagement system. A database index may be comprised of a singledatabase table column of data values or be comprised of multipledatabase table columns of data values from the same database table. Adatabase index may be configured to be a unique database index in thesense that the database index uses a key data value only once perdatabase table, or designed as a non-unique database index, which mayrepeat key data values in that database table. The database managementsystem is used to maintain the integrity of all database indexes whichare stored in one or more computer memories. Database indexes are usedto maintain the data value integrity of the database table data recordsas well as to aid in the rapid retrieval of specific data records froman indexed database table.

Database instantiation—The process of database instantiation is used toconstruct database objects, in one or more computer memories using adatabase management system that are available within a database throughuse of, for example, interactive device 2 and computer processor 4 shownin FIG. 1 to a database user. These database objects are created,maintained and deleted by a typically very complex computer softwareprogram, which may be executed by computer processor 4 and stored incomputer memory 8, referred to as a database management system. Adatabase management system is a computer program that executes on acomputer or computer processor and that may be used to support multipledatabases on one or more computers or computer processors. A databasecreated under a database management system is stored in computer memory,such as computer memory 8. This database instantiation process is oftencontrolled by another computer software program such as a data modelingprogram. Once a data model (“data model” is defined later) has beendeveloped within the data modeling computer software, that data model isforward engineered. This process of forward engineering, which may beprogrammed on a computer program, instructs the database managementsystem to construct these database objects such as database tables,database table indexes, and database table constraints. The process ofdatabase instantiation converts the data model objects and metadata intodatabase objects, in one or more computer memories, such as computermemory 8. Each data entity of the data model is converted into adatabase table, which is stored in computer memory, such as in computermemory 8 shown in FIG. 1, where each data attribute of the data modelbecomes a column within a database table stored in computer memory. Themetadata associated with each data attribute of the data model are usedto define the data types for each database column, as well as thecolumn's data lengths, the column's precision, and whether the columnmust be populated with data for each data record. The data model keyssuch as primary keys, alternate keys, and foreign keys, become databasetable unique and non-unique indexes.

Database table—A database table is a database object used to store setsof data values, in one or more computer memories. Each set of datavalues represents a horizontal row of the database table often referredto as a database table's data record. Each data value of these datarecords is represented as a labeled vertical column of the databasetable. Each data value, of a specific data record, may be addressed, inone or more computer memories by using the label of said verticalcolumn.

Data entity—A data entity is a basic component of an entity-relationshipdiagram that can be displayed on the display device 6 of the apparatus 1of FIG. 1 and that is stored in a computer memory such as the computermemory 8 of the apparatus 1 shown in FIG. 1. Each data entity of theentity-relationship diagram will be given a name to uniquely identifythat data entity from all other data entities of the entity-relationshipdiagram. When the database is formed from the entity-relationshipdiagram, each data entity typically is instantiated in the database as asingle database table in computer memory. In addition, a data entityincludes a list of data attributes, which, when the database is formed,becomes the list of database columns. Each data entity generally has aprimary key declared based upon one or more of the data attributeslisted for that data entity. Each data entity may also have alternatekeys declared also based upon one or more of the data attributes listedfor that data entity. When the database is formed from theentity-relationship diagram, the primary key and the alternate keys aretypically instantiated as unique database table indexes in computermemory.

Data entity, supertype and subtype groups—A supertype and subtype groupof data entities are a group of three or more closely related dataentities from a single overall topic. In a supertype and subtype groupof data entities, only one data entity of the group is the supertypedata entity and the rest of the data entities of the group are thesubtype data entities. The overall topic of the group of data entitiesis shared among them. For example, the overall topic for the supertypeand for the subtype data entities could be employees. The supertype dataentity would only contain data attributes that are common to allemployees. The sub type data entities would be established for eachsubtype of employee such as hourly employees and salaried employees. Thehourly employee subtype data entity contains data attributes that arespecific only to hourly employees. The salary employee subtype dataentity contains data attributes that are specific only to salariedemployees. The supertype data entity has a single entity relationship toeach of the subtype data entities where the super-type data entity isthe parent data entity that contributes its primary key data attributes.Each of the subtype data entities are child data entities that inheritthe primary key data attributes from the parent data entity as theforeign primary key data attributes of each subtype data entity.

Data entity relationship—A data entity relationship is a connector orlink, which is stored in one or more computer memories, such as incomputer memory 8, between one or two data entities in a dataentity-relationship diagram. A data entity linking a data entity withitself is often referred to as a recursive data entity relationship. Adata entity relationship provides a means of joining data attributes ofone data entity with data attributes of another data entity. The dataentity relationships are depicted graphically in entity-relationshipdiagrams as lines that begin attached to a first data entity and endwith a filled circle on the dependent data entity. A data entityrelationship causes the data modeling program to duplicate the primarykey data attributes or to duplicate an alternate key data attribute froma first data entity into the data entity that is dependent on the firstdata entity. These duplicated key data attributes do not exist in thedependent data entity prior to adding the data entity relationship. Thecomputer processor 4 may be programmed by data modeling computersoftware to permit a user via interactive device 2 to make relationshipsbetween data entities. The user, via interactive device 2, may selectwhich of a first data entity's key data attributes will be duplicated bythe data modeling computer software. These duplicated key dataattributes are referred to as a foreign key data attributes in thedependent data entity. Upon database instantiation, a data entityrelationship from the entity-relationship diagram is instantiated as aforeign key constraint, in one or more computer memories, such ascomputer memory 8.

Data model—A data model is a computer implemented repository ofmetadata, including entity-relationship diagrams, which may contain datamodel databases, data entities, common data entities, data attributes,common entity relationships, and data entity relationships that can bedisplayed on the display device 6 of the apparatus 1 of FIG. 1 or storedin the computer memory 8 of the apparatus 1 of FIG. 1. When the datamodel is database instantiated, each common data entity usually becomesa common database table, each data entity usually becomes a databasetable, while the data attributes become database table columns and thedata entity relationships become foreign key constraints while thecommon unique keys become common unique indexes.

Data model database—A data model database, for the purposes of thispatent, is a data model object that is used to partition a data modelinto segments where each data model database segment of the data modelmay be database instantiated into a physical database within thedatabase management system. Each data model database will contain datamodel objects such as data entities, common data entities, common entityrelationships and data entity relationships. Only the common entityrelationships may cross from one data model database to another.

Data modeling program—A data modeling program is a computer program,executing on a computer processor such as computer processor 4 in FIG.1, wherein the data modeling program is used to define and maintain datamodels. In addition, a data modeling program is also used to databaseinstantiate a data model into one or more databases using one or moredatabase management systems. In at least one embodiment of the presentinvention, a data architecture diagram may be database instantiated intoa data architecture using one or more database management systemsexecuting on one or more computers, wherein the data architecture isstored in one or more computer memories such as computer memory 8.

Data record—A data record is a single row of data values in a databasetable stored in a computer memory, such as computer memory 8. Each datarecord will usually include a primary key value for uniquely identifyingthat data record. In addition, a data record may include alternate keyvalues to provide alternative methods for finding unique data records ina computer memory, such as computer memory 8 in FIG. 1. A data recordmay also include foreign key values or common index sets to allowlinking of data records from multiple database tables.

Data value—A data value is an alphanumeric string stored in a specificlocation in a computer memory such as a named data field. For example, adata value may be stored in a data field of a data entry form in acomputer memory or in a specific cell of a spreadsheet or in a specificdata column of a specific data record of a database table in computermemory. The interpretation of the actual value of the alphanumericstring is dependent upon the data type of the data field. For example,if the data type of a data field is numeric, only valid numeric valueswill be accepted into the data field.

Entity-Relationship diagram—An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is agraphical depiction of a database design that includes data entities,common data entities, common entity relationships, and data entityrelationships that can be displayed on the display device 6 of theapparatus 1 of FIG. 1 or stored in a computer memory 8 of the apparatus1 of FIG. 1. The depicted data entities and common data entitiesrepresent potential database tables to be database instantiated. Thedepicted data entity relationships represent potential foreign keyconstraints to be database instantiated into the same database and usedto maintain referential integrity between the instantiated databasetables. A common entity relationship represents potential common uniqueindexes that are populated from a common set of master data values usedto maintain referential integrity between common database tables. AnERD, in at least one embodiment of the present invention, is alwaysstored within a data model along with other metadata required toinstantiate a database.

Foreign key—A foreign key provides a link, via a data entityrelationship between two data entities in an entity-relationship diagramthat is stored in computer memory. The data attributes from the primarykey or a selected alternate key of a first data entity are duplicatedinto a second data entity which is now dependent upon the first dataentity. These duplicated data attributes are referred to as foreign keydata attributes. This link or data entity relationship, when databaseinstantiated, instantiates a foreign key constraint that enforcesreferential integrity between the two database tables that result fromthe first data entity and from the dependent second data entity. Foreignkey data attributes, when database instantiated, become foreign keydatabase columns.

Foreign key constraint—A foreign key constraint is declared in adatabase management system as a means of implementing and maintainingdatabase referential integrity between two data sets each of which ismost often contained within two different database tables. A foreign keyconstraint is normally designed in an entity-relationship diagram as adata entity relationship usually between two data entities. The firstdata entity, often referred to as the parent data entity, contributesone or more key data attributes to the second data entity, which isoften referred to as the dependent data entity. In the parent dataentity, a unique key, such as the primary key or an alternate key, hasits data attributes copied into the dependent data entity's set of dataattributes. These copied data attributes are referred to as the foreignkey data attributes in the dependent data entity. When theentity-relationship diagram is instantiated into a database, the parentdata entity becomes the parent database table, the dependent data entitybecomes the dependent database table and the data entity relationshipbecomes the foreign key constraint. The foreign key data attributes, inthe dependent data entity, are instantiated as foreign key databasecolumns in the dependent database table. Foreign key constraints arestored in computer memory and are used by the database management systemto enforce database referential integrity rules for creating, updatingand deleting data records. Foreign key constraints are extremelyimportant within a database because only data record sets with enforcedreferential integrity may be joined to form a consistent, combined setof data records. Each foreign key constraint in a database provides abidirectional database access path between two database tables.

Primary key—A primary key is comprised of one or more data attributeswithin a data entity that are declared in a data model by data modelingsoftware executing on computer processor 4 which is programmed to storethe declared primary key in computer memory, such as computer memory 8of FIG. 1. The primary key of a given data entity is the primary methodof uniquely identifying data records within database table. A dataentity's primary key is database instantiated as the primary uniqueindex of the database table that was instantiated from the given dataentity. The primary unique index of a given database table is used as ameans of rapidly selecting unique data records from that database table.

Referential integrity—Referential integrity is a process, often managedby the database management system, which is used to insure theconsistency and integrity of data values stored within a computer memoryas a database. Database referential integrity is related to joining datarecords stored in a database table to the data records stored in anotherdatabase table such as two database table related by a foreign keyconstraint.

Referential integrity rules—Referential integrity rules are defined in adata model and associated with each data entity relationship. Thesereferential integrity rules define restrictions associated withcreating, updating, and deleting data records in related database tablessuch as related by foreign key constraints.

Repository of metadata—a repository of metadata is an area of computermemory used to store various metadata and information about data systemsincluding data models, entity-relationship diagrams, and other suchmetadata.

Unique Key—A unique key is declared in an entity-relationship diagram onone or more data attributes of a data entity. This unique key isdeclared to indicate that, upon database instantiation, a unique indexwill be formed for the database table instantiated from the data entity.

Unique Index—A unique index is a database object used to constrain theset of data values for a database table stored in one or more computermemories using a database management system, wherein no duplicate datavalues are allowed in the unique index. For each unique index, thecombination of indexed data values for each data record must form aunique index entry for that database table. Any attempts to form aduplicate combination of data values for any unique index will berejected by the database management system, such as executed by thecomputer processor 4.

In accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention, amethod is provided, which can be called a “method of defining commondata relationships” in computer memory, such as in computer memory 8.This method is utilized for configuring, designing, and/or implementingdatabase tables and data models in one or more computer memories, suchas computer memory 8 of FIG. 1, which gives a person who defines datamodels and database tables an alternative predefined method to link dataentities in one or more data models and to link database tables for oneor more databases.

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an apparatus 1 in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. The apparatus 1 includes aninteractive device 2, a computer processor 4, a display device 6, and acomputer memory 8. Computer memory 8 may include any type of computermemory, including long term memory such as disk memory in addition tocomputer random access memory which may lose its values when power isremoved. The computer memory 8 may include one or more computermemories. The interactive device 2, the display device 6, and thecomputer memory 8 communicate with the computer processor 4 viacommunications links 2a, 6a, and 8a respectively, which may beelectronic, computer software, optical, wireless or any other type ofcommunications links. The computer processor 4 may be programmed bycomputer software to implement the method of defining common datarelationships in accordance with the present invention to produceenhanced data models and enhanced databases in the computer memory 8,such as shown by FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 shows ERD (entity-relationship diagram) 200, which may be createdby a computer user using a data modeling program and the ERD may bestored in the computer memory 8 of FIG. 1. The ERD 200 contains two dataentities, data entities 202 and 204, combined with a single data entityrelationship 206 that connects these two data entities. In thisrepresentation of an ERD, ERD 200, each of data entities 202 and 204 arerepresented by a rounded-corner rectangle while the data entityrelationship 206 is represented by a line terminated with a filledcircle 206a. Each data entity, such as each of 202 and 204, represents agroup of related data attributes, such as the data attribute 210, whichis labeled country name, and data attribute 208, which is labeledcountry abbreviation, for data entity 202. In this notation of dataentities, the data attributes above a line in the rounded-cornedrectangle, such as for example, above line 202a for data entity 202, aredeclared to be the primary key of the data entity. The primary key dataattributes of each data entity are also denoted as such by the (PK)which follows the data attribute's name. This primary key is a uniqueidentifier for the data entity. In addition to the data entity's primarykey, each data entity may have zero, one or more alternate keys defined.In FIG. 2, both data entities 202 and 204 contain a single alternate keydenoted by the (AK1) following the alternate key's data attributes. Indata entity 202, the alternate key is declared by a computer user usinga data modeling program upon the single data attribute 210, which islabeled country name and stored in computer memory 8. In data entity204, the alternate key is a composite alternate key composed from thedata attribute 212, which is labeled country abbreviation, and dataattribute 216, which is labeled state name. The data entityrelationships of entity-relationship diagrams, such as ERD 200, depict alink, normally between two data entities, that allow data attributesfrom a first data entity, such as data entity 202, to be related to dataattributes from the second data entity, such as data entity 204. Undersome circumstances, a data entity relationship links one data entity toitself in what is often referred to as a recursive data entityrelationship. All data entity relationships link at most two dataentities.

Data entity relationship 206, shown in FIG. 2, links the first dataentity 202 to the second data entity 204. Note that the data entity 204contains data attribute 212, denoted by (FK). Data attribute 212 isinherited from the primary key of data entity 202, which is dataattribute 208, wherein the data attribute inheritance is implemented bythe data modeling program executing on computer processor 4. Thisinheritance of a first data entity's primary key data attributes or oneof that data entity's alternate key data attributes into a second dataentity is referred to as a foreign key thus the denotation of (FK). Thedata entity that donates unique key data attributes, such as dataattribute 208 of data entity 202, is referred to as the parent dataentity while the data entity that inherits the data attributes, such asdata attribute 212 of data entity 204, is referred to as the child dataentity. Prior art data entity relationships are parent-child type ofdata entity relationships where unique key data attributes are alwaysinherited by one of the of related data entities. In the case of therecursive data entity relationship, the parent data entity and the childdata entity are the same data entity that still inherits the unique keydata attributes.

FIG. 3 is database 300 that results from the database instantiation, inone or more computer memories, such as computer memory 8 of FIG. 1, ofthe ERD 200 depicted in FIG. 2. Database instantiation may be computeruser initiated using a data modeling program where the databaseinstantiation is implemented by one or more database management systemswhere both the data modeling program and the database management systemsare executed in one or more computer processors, such as computerprocessor 4 of FIG. 1, and the database objects are stored in one ormore computer memories, such as computer memory 8 of FIG. 1. Databasestable 302 and 304 are database instantiated into database 300, incomputer memory, such as computer memory 8, from data entity 202 and 204respectively of ERD 200 shown in FIG. 2. The primary key index ofdatabase table 302 is based upon database column 310, which isinstantiated from primary key data attribute 208 of ERD 200. Databasetable 304 is instantiated into database 300 from data entity 204 in FIG.2. The primary key index for database table 304 is a composite uniqueindex based upon database columns 320 and 322, which are instantiatedfrom primary key data attributes 212 and 214 of ERD 200.

Beyond the database tables, foreign key constraints are anotherimportant type of database object that is database instantiated into anyrelational database. Foreign key constraint 306 of database 300, shownin FIG. 3, is database instantiated from data entity relationship 206 ofERD 200 shown in FIG. 2. Again, database instantiation is normallyinitiated by a computer user using a data modeling program. Foreign keyconstraint 306, of database 300 shown in FIG. 3, is databaseinstantiated to maintain database referential integrity between databasecolumn 310 of database table 302 and database column 320 of databasetable 304. Database referential integrity is normally maintained by adatabase management system executing in a computer processor such ascomputer processor 4 of FIG. 1. Once a foreign key constraint isdatabase instantiated, the database management system computer softwareprogram executed by computer processor 4, and stored in computer memory8, is programmed to enforce the referential integrity rules for thatforeign key constraint, such as the prior art referential integrityrules for foreign key constraints listed in spreadsheet 400 of FIG. 4.

In any relational database, the foreign key constraints are veryimportant. Foreign key constraints are used within a database managementsystem to maintain both the database referential integrity of the datarecords and to provide bidirectional database access paths betweendatabase tables. It is important to note that prior art databasereferential integrity and prior art database access paths are onlymaintained within a single database by a database management system.Prior art data modeling programs do not allow for the declaration ofdata entity relationships between two data entities where each dataentity is located in a different data model database. Prior art databasemanagement systems do not enforce database referential integrity betweentwo or more databases and do not support database access paths betweentwo or more databases.

FIG. 4 depicts spreadsheet 400, which elucidates prior art referentialintegrity rules. These referential integrity rules are often declaredfor each data entity relationship of an ERD such as data entityrelationship 206 of ERD 200 shown in FIG. 2, where the referentialintegrity rules declaration is made by a computer user using a datamodeling program executing on computer processor 4 and stored incomputer memory 8 of FIG. 1. Once the referential integrity rules aredatabase instantiated as foreign key constraints, such as foreign keyconstraint 306 of database 300 shown in FIG. 3, the database managementsystem enforces the referential integrity rules. In some rare cases, thereferential integrity rules are not database instantiated. Instead,referential integrity rules are programmed into other softwareapplication programs to be enforced by those software applicationprograms executing on a computer processor, such as computer processor 4of FIG. 1.

Spreadsheet column 410 of spreadsheet 400 contains the database actionsthat may be programmed in computer memory, such as computer memory 8,and executed by computer processor 4 using a database management system,for a pair of database tables constrained by a foreign key constraint.Spreadsheet column 412 denotes the parent table of the foreign keyconstraint, such as database table 302 of FIG. 3. The parent databasetable associated with a foreign key constraint is established as thedatabase table that donates the unique index database table columns suchas unique index database column 310 of database table 302 of database300. Spreadsheet column 414 denotes the child table of the foreign keyconstraint, such as database table 304 of foreign key constraint 306shown in FIG. 3. The child database table associated with a foreign keyconstraint is established as the database table that inherited foreignkey database table columns such as database table column 320 of childdatabase table 304 shown in FIG. 3.

Row 416 of spreadsheet 400 represents the referential integrity rulesfor creating database data records, such as data record 314 in theparent database table 302, and creating database data records, such asdata record 326 in the child database table 304 of database 300, wherethese database tables are associated with a database foreign keyconstraint, such as foreign key constraint 306 of database 300. As notedin spreadsheet 400, row 416 and column 412, a data record for the parentdatabase table, such as data record 314 for the parent database table302 shown in FIG. 3, may be created without restrictions. However, asnoted in spreadsheet 400 of FIG. 4, row 416 and column 414, a datarecord for the child database table may only be created if theassociated data record already exists in the parent database table. Forexample, in database 300 shown in FIG. 3, data record 326 for childdatabase table 304 with a data value of “USA” in foreign key column 320may only be created by the computer processor 4 in computer memory, suchas computer memory 8, if the associated parent database table datarecord already exists such as data record 314 of parent database table302 with a data value of “USA” in unique index column 310. If datarecord 314 of parent database table 302 did not exist, the databasemanagement system computer program executed by the computer processor 4is programmed to not allow the creation of data record 326 in childdatabase table 304 because that would violate the referential integrityrules, stored in computer memory 8, established for foreign keyconstraint 306 of database 300.

Row 418 of spreadsheet 400 represents the referential integrity rulesfor updating the data records of the parent database table and forupdating the data records of the child database table associated with adatabase foreign key constraint. As noted in spreadsheet 400, row 418and column 412, a first set of data values of the unique index databasetable column of data records in the parent database table may not beupdated if one or more data records from the child database table'sforeign key columns contain the same data values as that first set ofdata values. Again, these referential integrity rules are normallyenforced by the database management system computer program executing bycomputer processor 4 where the referential integrity rules and the datavalues are stored in one or more memories 8 of FIG. 1. For example, thereferential integrity rule for row 418, stored in computer memory 8, andcolumn 412 indicates that any unique index column data vales, such asdata value “USA” of unique index column 310 of a parent data record suchas data record 314 of parent database table 302, may not be updated if aforeign key data value, such as data value “USA” of foreign key column320 of data record 326 from the child database table 304, exists. Sincethe parent data record has a related child data record, the unique keycolumn data value may not be updated, in accordance with referentialintegrity rules stored in computer memory 8, which are implemented bythe computer processor 4. However, the unique index column data value of“CAN” for data record 316 of parent database table 302 may be updated toa different data value by the computer processor 4, in accordance withreferential integrity rules stored in computer memory 8 for a computerprogram executed by the computer processor 4, since that data value of“CAN” is not found in database table foreign key column 320 of childdatabase table 304.

Row 418 column 414 of spreadsheet 400 represents the referentialintegrity rule for updating the foreign key data value of the childdatabase table's data records. For this referential integrity rule, theforeign key data values of the child database table may be updated, toany of the existing unique key data values of the parent database table.For example, the data value “USA” of foreign key child database tablecolumn 320 of data record 326 of database 300 is restricted to theunique index column data values by the computer processor 4, such asunique index column 310 of the parent database table 302. In this case,the data value “USA” of database table column 320 of database record 326may be updated in computer memory 8 to a data value of “CAN” since thatdata value exists in the unique index column 310 of data record 316 ofparent database table 302, in computer memory 8.

Row 420 of spreadsheet 400 represents the referential integrity rules,stored in computer memory 8 and implemented by computer processor 4, fordeleting data records from related database tables constrained by aforeign key constraint. Row 420 column 412 is the referential integrityrule for deleting data records from the parent database table such asdata record 314 of parent database table 302 from database 300. Datarecords from a parent database table, such as database table 302 ofdatabase 300, may not be deleted, as directed by the computer processor4, as programmed by referential rules stored in computer memory 8, ifdata records from the child database table, such as database table 304,have the same foreign key column data values. For example, data record314 from parent database table 302 with a unique index database tablecolumn 310 has a data value of “USA” and may not be deleted, as directedby the computer processor 4, as programmed by referential rules storedin computer memory 8, because, data record 326 of child database table304, has the same foreign key database table column 320 data value of“USA”. If data record 314 of parent database table 302 were to bedeleted, then, data record 326 of child database table 304 would becomean “orphan” data record; that is a “parentless child” data record, incomputer memory 8. Therefore, the database management system implementedby computer processor 4 in accordance with programming stored incomputer memory 8 does not allow data record 314 to be deleted fromdatabase table 302 of database 300 because of foreign key constraint306. However, data record 316 of parent database table 302 with uniqueindex column 310 and a data value of “CAN” may be deleted, as directedby the computer processor 4, since none of the data values of foreignkey column 320 of child database table 304 contain a data value of“CAN”.

Row 420 column 414 of spreadsheet 400 shown in FIG. 4 contains thereferential integrity rule for deleting data records from child databasetables. This foreign key constraint referential integrity rule statesthat any data record from a child database table may be deleted withoutrestriction, and this referential integrity rule or parameters relatingto this rule, is stored in computer memory 8 and implemented by computerprocessor 4. Therefore, data record 326 from child database table 304 ofdatabase 300 may be deleted without restriction from database foreignkey constraint 306.

FIG. 5 depicts a data architecture diagram 500, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention that shows three different datamodel databases within a single data model, which may be stored in oneor more computer memories, such as computer memory 8. This dataarchitecture diagram, which may be created and maintained using a datamodeling program executing by computer processor 4 and stored incomputer memory 8, contains three data model databases that are MasterDatabase 504, Database B 514, and Database C 524. Each data modeldatabase contains a single common data entity, common data entity 502 iscontained within Master Database 504, common data entity 512 iscontained within Database B 514, and common data entity 522 is containedwithin Database C 524. Each of the three common data entities containsthe same data attributes, such as data attributes labeled CountryAbbreviation for data attributes 508, 518, and 528 along with dataattributes labeled Country Name for data attributes 510, 520, and 530.Each of the three common data entities also contains the same declaredprimary key that is labeled Country Abbreviation (PK) (CK) for primarykeys 508, 518, and 528. As a result of this unique key commonalityacross these three common data entities, each of the three common dataentities' unique keys 508, 518, and 528 also have the (CK) designationfor the common unique key. These common data entities participate in thecommon entity relationship set 538 labeled Country Abbreviation 540.Each common entity relationship set must have a unique label, stored incomputer memory 8, to uniquely identify the common entity relationshipset and to distinguish that common entity relationship set from allothers within a data architecture diagram, stored in computer memory 8.

Common entity relationship set 538 is a composite of common data entity502 that is related by common entity master relationship 532, commondata entity 512 that is related by common entity relationship 534 andcommon data entity 522 that is related by common entity relationship536. Common entity master relationship 532 is a common entity masterrelationship as indicated by the arrow head at the end of the commonentity relationship line in the data architecture diagram 500 stored incomputer memory 8. Each common entity relationship set, such as commonentity master relationship set 538, may contain only one common entitymaster relationship, such as common entity relationship 532. This commonentity master relationship indicates that data entity 502 is declared asthe designed source of the single common set of master data records,where this declaration may be established by a computer user using anenhanced data modeling program and storing the data architecture diagramin one or more computer memories, such as computer memory 8. Not allcommon entity relationships, such as common entity relationship set 538,have a common master relationship. In some cases, the common set ofmaster data records may be sourced from a data provider external to theorganization. The common set of master data records may also be providedfrom an SQL (Structured Query Language—a special purpose computerprogramming language used in conjunction with a database managementsystem) script executed by the computer processor 4, and stored in thecomputer memory 8, wherein this SQL script is a computer program used topopulate common database tables from a common database table set usingone or more database management systems. Therefore, the common entityrelationship master is optional for a common entity relationship set.However, each common entity relationship set must have a single commonset of master data values declared for the purposes of enforcing commonindex integrity rules within the common unique index set that resultsfrom the database instantiation of the common entity relationship set.The declaration of a common set of master data values for a specificcommon database table set would normally be established by a computeruser using an enhanced data modeling program executing on computerprocessor 4 and stored in computer memory 8 of FIG. 1.

Prior art data entity relationships in prior art data models do notaddress sources of data for their related data entities. Prior art datamodels do not address common sets of master data values. While commonentity relationship sets support any number of related data entities,prior art data models do not allow for more than two data entities in adata entity relationship. While common entity relationships may relatedata entities from multiple data model databases, prior art data entityrelationships are only allowed within one database. In one or moreembodiments of the current invention, data models need to support thedeclaration of multiple data model databases within each data model. Inone or more embodiments of the current invention, data entities need tobe assigned, in computer memory 8, to a specific declared database suchas data entity 502 labeled Country 506 assigned to the Master Database504.

A common entity relationship, stored in one or more computer memories,such as computer memory 8, is used in data models to denote apeer-to-peer type of relationship where each related common data entitycontains a declared common unique key that is the same common unique keyin each related common data entity, stored in one or more computermemories, such as computer memory 8. Common entity relationships arepeer-to-peer type relationships wherein the common unique key dataattributes exist prior to adding the common entity relationship. Also,peer-to-peer type relationships have common unique key data attributesthat are neither donated nor inherited unlike data entity relationshipswhere foreign key data attributes are donated by the parent data entityand inherited by the child data entity. Since the common entityrelationships are peer-to-peer type relationships, the number of commondata entities participating in the common entity relationship set is notlimited.

Some entity-relationship diagrams may include supertype and subtypegroups of closely related data entities. These supertype and subtypedata entities are normally transformed into a cluster of related dataentities linked by data entity relationships where these existingforeign key links and are not candidates for common entityrelationships.

FIG. 6 depicts data architecture 600, which may be database instantiatedinto multiple databases using one or more database management systems,wherein the multiple databases may be stored in one or more computermemories, such as computer memory 8. Data architecture 600 depicts threedifferent physical databases which are Master Database 604, Database B624, and Database C 644, where each database contains a single commondatabase table. Common database table master 602 is contained indatabase 604, common database table 622 is contained in database 624,and common database table 642 is contained in database 644. These threecommon database tables are related by common index master constraint set668, stored in computer memory, such as computer memory 8, where commonindex master constraint 662 is referenced as the common index masterconstraint for common index master constraint set 668.

The three databases are database instantiated, in computer memory, suchas computer memory 8, from data architecture diagram 500 where database604 is derived from data model database 504 and database 624 is derivedfrom data model database 514, and database 644 is derived from datamodel database 524. The three common database tables, 602, 622, and 642,are database instantiated, in computer memory, such as computer memory8, into their respective databases as derived from common data entities502, 512, and 522 of FIG. 5 respectively. Each of the three commondatabase tables contains the same database table columns, such asdatabase table columns labeled Country Abbreviation 608, 628, and 648along with database table columns labeled Country Name 610, 630, and650. Each of these database table columns are database instantiated, incomputer memory, such as computer memory 8, by the computer processor 4,as programmed in accordance with an embodiment of the present inventionas derived from data attributes 508, 518, 528, 510, 520, and 530 of FIG.5 respectively.

Each of the three common database tables 602, 622, and 642 also containa common unique index that is database instantiated, in computer memory8 by the computer processor 4, as derived from common unique keys (CK)508, 518, and 528, which are the declared primary keys (PK), as shown inFIG. 5 respectively. Each of these common unique indexes are populatedin computer memory 8, by the computer processor 4, from a single commonset of master data values, such as data values “USA” and “CAN”, of thedatabase table columns labeled Country Abbreviation 608, 628, and 648.As a result of this unique index commonality between common databasetables 602, 622, and 642, and the common set of master data, stored incomputer memory, such as computer memory 8, used to populate thesedatabase tables by the computer processor 4, each of the three commondatabase tables may participate in the common index master constraintset 668.

Common index master constraint set 668 shown in FIG. 6 is instantiatedin computer memory 8 by the computer processor 4 in accordance withcomputer programming in at least one embodiment of the presentinvention, from common entity relationship set 538 as shown in FIG. 5.Common entity master relationship 532 as shown in FIG. 5 is databaseinstantiated as common index master constraint 662 shown in FIG. 6.Common index master constraint 662 has the arrow end of the common indexmaster constraint pointing away from the associated common databasetable master 602 to denote this as the common index master constraint.The common index master constraint 662 is a declaration that commondatabase table master 602 from Master Database 604 contains the commonset of master data values for common index master constraint set 668shown in FIG. 6. Common entity relationships 534 and 536 are databaseinstantiated in computer memory 8, by the computer processor 4, ascommon index master constraints 664 and 666 respectively. The commonindex master constraints are used to ensure that a single common set ofmaster data values, such as the common set of master data values incommon database table master 602, is populated into common databasetables 622 and 642, respectively. The common index integrity rules forthis common index master constraint are detailed in spreadsheet 700 ofFIG. 7, and are stored in computer memory 8, and implemented by thecomputer processor 4 in accordance with computer programming stored inthe computer memory 8.

A common unique index, such as common unique indexes 628 and 648depicted in FIG. 6, is used in a database to denote a peer-to-peer typeof database access path where each related common database table, suchas common database tables 622 and 642 depicted in FIG. 6, contains adeclared common unique index that is the same common unique index ineach related common database table and wherein each common unique index,such as declared common unique indexes 628 and 648 of FIG. 6, ispopulated, in computer memory 8 by the computer processor 4, from asingle common set of master data values such as the common set of masterdata values displayed in common database table master 602. The commonindex integrity rules for common unique indexes, such as common uniqueindexes 628 and 648, are detailed in spreadsheet 800 of FIG. 8, and arestored in computer memory 8, implemented by computer processor 4, inaccordance with computer programming stored in computer memory 8.

FIG. 7 shows a spreadsheet of common index integrity rules, which may bestored in computer memory 8, declared for each common entity masterrelationship, such as common entity master relationship 532, depicted indata architecture diagram 500 shown in FIG. 5. These common indexintegrity rules are used to enforce the common index master constraints,such as common index master constraint 662 depicted in data architecture600 shown in FIG. 6.

Not every common entity relationship will have a common entity masterrelationship declared to support the common set of master data values.In some cases, the common set of master data values could be databaseinstantiated in computer memory 8 by the computer processor 4 inaccordance with computer programming or software stored in computermemory 8, into each common database table of a single set of commondatabase tables using a computer program. In these cases, the common setof master data values would be a static set of data values. The computerprogram, implemented by the computer processor 4, to populate eachcommon database table could be written using a SQL script of databasetable data record insert statements. Also, the common set of master datavalues may be provided from a third party. For example, a commondatabase table of postal addresses may be verified against a master setof postal address data values provided as a service by a third partyusually for a fee. However, it is important that a common set of masterdata values be available in computer memory 8, for each common databasetable set stored in computer memory 8, as a method to ensure commonunique index integrity between the common database tables of the commondatabase table set.

As determined from spreadsheet 702 and column 706, for database action“create” shown in spreadsheet row 710, the creation of common databasetable master data records is unrestricted. For example, any data recordsfor common database table master 602 of FIG. 6, such as data records612, 614, 616, 618, and 620 may be created, by the computer processor 4,in accordance with computer software stored in the computer memory 8,without consideration for the data records of the other common databasetables of that common database table set stored in computer memory 8,such as common database table 622 and 642.

As determined from spreadsheet 702 and column 708, for the databaseaction “create” shown in spreadsheet row 710, the creation of dependentcommon database table data records, in the computer memory 8, by thecomputer processor 4, in at least one embodiment in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention, are restricted to the data recordsof the common database table master data records, stored in computermemory 8. For example, data records 632, 634, and 636 of common databasetable 622 as well as data records 652, 654, 656, and 658 of commondatabase table 642 must already exist in common database table master602. Common database table 622 data records 632, 634, and 636 areindividually restricted by the computer processor 4 by data records 612,614, and 620 of common database table master 602 respectively. Commondatabase table 642 data records 652, 654, 656, and 658 are individuallyrestricted by the computer processor 4 by data records 612, 614, 618,and 616 of common database table master 602 respectively.

As determined from spreadsheet 702 and column 706, for database action“update” shown in spreadsheet row 712, updating the common databasetable master data record's common unique index data values arerestricted by the computer processor 4, implementing software stored inthe computer memory 8 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. Any common database master data record that has its commonunique index data values referenced by one or more dependent datarecords from any dependent common database table of that common databasetable set, may not have its common unique index data values updated, bythe computer processor 4, implementing computer software stored in thecomputer memory 8 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. For example, any data records for common database tablemaster 602 of FIG. 6, such as data records 612, 614, 616, 618, and 620,may not have their common unique index data values updated, such as thedata values of column 608, if these data values are used in any of thecommon database tables such as common database tables 622 and 642. As anexample of this restriction, dependent common database table 622 hasdata record 632 where the common unique index column 628 has a datavalue of “USA”. Common database table master 602 has a common uniqueindex column 608 with a data value of “USA” in data record 612. Becausea common database table has the same common unique index data values asthe common unique index data value of the common database table master,that common database table master's common unique index data value maynot be updated, as directed by computer software stored in the computermemory 8 and executed by computer processor 4 in accordance with one ormore embodiments of the present invention.

As determined from spreadsheet 702 and column 708, for database action“update” shown in spreadsheet row 712, updating the common unique indexdata values of any dependent common database table is restricted, bycomputer software implemented by the computer processor 4, and stored inthe computer memory 8, in accordance with one or more embodiments of thepresent invention. The common unique index data values of a dependentcommon database table must always be equal to a common unique index datavalue from the common database table master, in accordance with at leastone embodiment of the present invention and as implemented by computersoftware implemented by computer processor 4 and stored in the computermemory 8. For example, one would be restricted to update the dependentcommon unique index data value “USA” to “US” for database table column628 of data record 632 in dependent common database table 622. Since,the data value “US” does not exist as a data value in the common uniqueindex column 608 of common database table master 602, the databasemanagement system or some other executing computer software programstored in computer memory 8 and implemented by computer processor 4rejects the proposed data value update.

As determined from spreadsheet 702 and column 706, for database action“delete” shown in spreadsheet row 714, deletion of a common databasetable master's data record is restricted, by the computer processor 4implementing computer software stored in computer memory 8, inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention, if thedata record is referenced by a data record in any of the dependentcommon database tables, stored in the computer memory 8. For example,the computer processor 4, as programmed by computer software stored inthe computer memory 8 will not allow the data value of “USA” of datarecord 612 of the common database table master 602 of FIG. 6 with commonunique index 608 to be deleted, as this data value of “USA” isreferenced from common unique index 628 of data record 632 of dependentcommon database tables 622 depicted in FIG. 6.

As determined from spreadsheet 702 and column 708, for database action“delete” shown in spreadsheet row 714, deletion of dependent commondatabase table data records is unrestricted, as directed by the computerprocessor 4, in accordance with computer software stored in the computermemory 8, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention, by data records of common database table master of thatcommon database table set. For example, any data records for commondatabase table 622 of FIG. 6, such as data records 632, 634, and 636 maybe deleted, as directed by the computer processor 4, withoutconsideration for the data values of common database table master 602 asdepicted in FIG. 6.

In analysis of the common index integrity rules, stored in the computermemory 8, and detailed in spreadsheet 702, it becomes apparent that eachof the dependent common database tables, such as common database tables622 and 642 of FIG. 6, may only contain a subset of the data recordsstored in the common database table master 602, in at least oneembodiment of the present invention, as directed by the computerprocessor 4 implementing computer software stored in the computer memory8, in accordance with the present invention.

Another method to insure that common index integrity rules are notviolated is to develop a data load script or data load program for acommon database table set. The data load program is used to insert theentire common set of master data values into each of the common databasetables for that common database table set. A computer processor may beprogrammed by computer software stored in computer memory, to ensurethat once the common set of master data values is loaded into eachcommon database table, data records may not be created, may not beupdated, or may not be deleted from any of the common database tablesfor the common database table set unless a data record modificationscript or a data record modification computer program is applied to allthe common database tables for that common database table set.

Spreadsheet 802 of FIG. 8 contains common index integrity rules, storedin computer memory 8, for common unique indexes between a group ofcommon database tables such as common database tables 622 and 642 ofdata architecture 600 depicted in FIG. 6. As shown in spreadsheet 802,there are no restrictions, stored in computer memory 8 and to beimplemented by the computer processor 4, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the present invention, on either common database tables,such as common database tables 622 and 642 depicted in FIG. 6, for thecreation of common database table data records as detailed inspreadsheet row 810. As shown in spreadsheet 802, there are norestrictions on either common database table, such as common databasetables 622 and 642 depicted in FIG. 6, for the update of common databasetable data records as detailed in spreadsheet row 812. As shown inspreadsheet 802, there are no restrictions on either common databasetable, such as common database tables 622 and 642 depicted in FIG. 6,for the deletion of common database table data records as detailed inspreadsheet row 814. These common index integrity rules, stored incomputer memory 8, confirm that common database tables, such as commondatabase table 622, may be maintained, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the present invention, by the computer processor 4implementing computer software stored in the computer memory 8,independent of any other common database table such as common databasetable 642.

Common database tables in a common database table set are peer databasetables in that their database actions are independent within that commondatabase table set. In at least one embodiment, there are no commonindex integrity restrictions between common database tables of the samecommon database table set. The only common index integrity requirementis that every common database table from a single common database tableset is each populated from a common set of master data values. It isonly the single common database table master that may be declared foreach common database table set that restricts the database actions ofthe dependent common database tables to enforce common index integritywithin a common unique index set.

Flow chart 900 of FIG. 9 contains processes 906, 916, 920, 922, 934, and938, along with decisions 910 and 928, and data storage areas 942, 944,946, and 948, as well as process flows 904, 908, 912, 914, 918, 924,926, 930, 932, 936, and 940 and terminals 902 and 948. Flow chart 900depicts both the definition of data architecture diagram components andthe database instantiation of these components in computer memory 8, byaction of the computer processor 4 as programmed by computer softwarestored in computer memory 8, in accordance with one or more embodimentsof the present invention. In at least one embodiment of this invention,computer users define data architecture diagrams using a data modelingprogram. In at least one embodiment of this invention, the databaseinstantiation of the data architecture diagram components into thedatabase management system is achieved from a SQL script generated fromthe data modeling program and executed by the database managementsystem.

Flow chart 900 depicts a process of defining common data entities, suchas common data entities 502, 512, and 522, along with the declaration ofcommon unique keys such as common unique keys 508, 518, and 528 as shownin data architecture diagram 500 shown in FIG. 5. Flow chart 900 alsodepicts a process of defining common entity relationships such as commonentity relationships 532, 534, and 536 depicted in data architecturediagram 500 shown in FIG. 5. Flow chart 900 also depicts a process ofdefining common sets of master data values such as the common set ofmaster data values shown in common database table master 602 as depictedin data architecture 600 shown in FIG. 6. After the data architecturediagram has been completed, the data architecture diagram components aredatabase instantiated. Common data entities are database instantiated ascommon database tables, such as common database tables 622 and 642 thatare depicted in FIG. 6. Common unique keys are database instantiated ascommon unique indexes, such as common unique indexes 608, 628 and 648depicted in data architecture 600 FIG. 6. Common entity relationshipsare database instantiated as common index master constraints, such ascommon index master constraints 662, 664, and 666 depicted in FIG. 6.This flow chart 900 depicts only one application for the definition ofand the database instantiation of common database table, common uniqueindexes, and common index master constraints.

Flow chart 900 begins at terminal 902. From terminal 902, the computerprocessor 4, executing computer software stored in computer memory 8,initiates process flow 904 which initiates flow chart process 906. Flowchart process 906 represents the process of selecting or creating a dataentity within a data model, such as data entity 202 of ERD 200 from FIG.2, which is to be defined as a common data entity, such as common dataentity 512 of data architecture diagram 500 shown in FIG. 5. First, acomputer user selects the data models that are retrieved by the computerprocessor 4 from the data model computer storage 942, stored in thecomputer memory 8. The selected or created data entity, stored incomputer memory 8, to be converted, in at least one embodiment of thepresent invention, must contain at least one declared unique key, suchas unique key 208, which is the primary key (PK) of data entity 202 orunique key 210, which is an alternate key (AK1), of data entity 202 asshown in FIG. 2. For this example of process flow chart 900, data entity202 of FIG. 2 will be converted by the computer processor 4 to commondata entity 512 of data architecture diagram 500 of FIG. 5, and commondata entity 512 will be stored in computer memory 8.

Once the data entity has been selected or created by the computerprocessor 4, process flow 908 is followed by the computer processor 4 toflow chart decision 910. Flow chart decision 910 is used by the computerprocessor 4 to determine whether a unique key, such as primary key 208of data entity 202, has been established as the basis for a commonentity relationship set such as common entity relationship set 538 ofFIG. 5. Established common entity relationship sets are stored by thecomputer processor 4, in the common entity relationships computerstorage 944 in the computer memory 8, as depicted in FIG. 9. A search ofthe common unique keys recorded in data storage area 944 is initiated bythe computer processor 4 in accordance with computer software stored inthe computer memory 8, to determine if the selected unique key isalready designated as a common unique key. If the selected unique key,such as unique key 208 of data entity 202 shown in FIG. 2, is found tobe defined as a common unique key by the computer processor 4, processflow 912 is followed by the computer processor 4 to flow chart process916. If the selected unique key is not found to be a common unique key,process flow 914 is followed to flow chart process 920 by computerprocessor 4.

When process flow 912 is followed by the computer processor 4 from flowchart decision 910, flow chart process 916 is executed. First, theselected unique key of the selected or created data entity, such as dataentity 202 of FIG. 2, is declared by a computer user using a datamodeling program executing on the computer processor 4 to also be acommon unique key, such as common unique key 518 of FIG. 5 labeledCountry Abbreviation (PK)(CK) where the (CK) designation is a result ofthe declaration and is stored in computer memory 8. Next, a commonentity relationship, such as common entity relationship 534 of dataarchitecture diagram 500 shown in FIG. 5, is added by a computer userusing a data modeling program executing on the computer processor 4, tothe data model and stored in data storage 942 in the computer memory 8as an update to the appropriate data model. Also, the new common dataentity, such as common data entity 512 shown in FIG. 5, which wasformerly data entity 202 shown in FIG. 2, is now added by the computerprocessor 4 to the data storage area 944 of the computer memory 8 aspart of the common entity relationship set information. Once the datastorage has been completed, process flow 918 and process flow 926 arefollowed by the computer processor 4 to flow chart decision 928.

When process flow 914 is followed by the computer processor 4 from flowchart decision 910, flow chart process 920 is executed by the computerprocessor 4 to establish and store in computer memory 8, the selectedunique key from the selected data entity as a common unique key of thenow common data entity. First, in the appropriate data model, such asdata model 200 shown in FIG. 2, in the computer memory 8, the selectedor created data entity, such as data entity 202, is declared to be acommon data entity by a computer user using an enhanced data modelingprogram in the computer memory 8 by the computer processor 4. Thiscommon data entity declaration is accomplished by the computer processor4 converting the selected unique key of that selected data entity to adeclared common unique key in the computer memory 8. In this case, theselected unique key data attributes, such as unique key data attribute208 of selected data entity 202 shown in FIG. 2, is declared by thecomputer processor 4 to be a common unique key, such as common uniquekey 518 of common data entity 512 shown in FIG. 5. The common unique keydeclaration results in the (CK) designation that is shown in commonunique key 518 of common data entity 512 in FIG. 5. Next, a commonentity relationship, such as common entity relationship 534 also shownin FIG. 5, is established by the computer processor 4, as a basis for anew common entity relationship set, such as common entity relationshipset 538 of data architecture diagram 500 shown in FIG. 5. A new commonentity relationship, such as common entity relationship 534 shown inFIG. 5, is established in data storage area 944 of the computer memory8, by the computer processor 4, with a unique common entity relationshipset name, such as common entity relationship set name 540 of commonentity relationship set 538 of data architecture diagram 500 shown inFIG. 5. This unique common entity relationship set name is used todistinguish this newly formed common entity relationship set, in thecomputer memory 8, from all other common entity relationship sets thatmay be part of this data architecture diagram 500, in the computermemory 8. Once the data storage has been completed, process flow 924 isfollowed by the computer processor 4, to flow chart process 922.

In flow chart process 922, a common set of master data values for thenewly formed common entity relationship set is defined by a computeruser using a data modeling program executing on computer processor 4, inthe computer memory 8. A common set of master data values may come fromseveral sources including from a designated common database table incomputer memory 8, from a third-party reference data provider in one ormore computer memories, such as computer memory 8, or from a computerprogram script, implemented by computer processor 4, that is used topopulate in computer memory 8, all of the common database tables withdata values from a single common database table set in computer memory8. In any event, the common set of master data values must be definedand associated to the newly formed common entity relationship set andstored in data storage area 944, in computer memory 8, by the computerprocessor 4 in accordance with at least one embodiment of the presentinvention. If the source of the common set of master data values is adesignated common database table, that common database table'srepresentative common data entity may be updated by the computerprocessor 4, in its data model by adding a common entity relationshipmaster, such as common entity relationship master 532 of dataarchitecture diagram 500 shown in FIG. 5, into the appropriate datamodel stored in data storage area 942, in the computer memory 8. Inaddition, the common set of master data values will be added, by thecomputer processor 4, to data storage area 946, in the computer memory8, in accordance with a computer software program stored in computermemory 8. After the data storage has been completed, process flow 926 isfollowed by the computer processor 4 to flow chart decision 928.

Flow chart decision 928 is used by the computer processor 4 to determineif the data modeling portion of the process flow has been completed. Ifmore data entities need to be converted to common data entities, processflow 930 is followed by the computer processor 4 to return to flow chartprocess 906. If the data modeling portion of the process flow has beencompleted, that is, there are no more data entities to be converted intocommon data entities, process flow 932 is followed by the computerprocessor 4 to flow chart process 934.

During flow chart process 934, the computer processor 4 reads the datamodels from data storage area 942 of the computer memory 8 that havebeen changed since the last database instantiation of their associatedphysical databases in computer memory 8 into their respective databasemanagement systems in computer memory 8. The new and the updated datamodel objects in these data models in computer memory 8, are used by thecomputer processor 4 to generate data definition language scripts(programs) that are then submitted to the database management systemexecuting on computer processor 4 or the new and the updated data modelobjects are database instantiated directly by the computer processor 4into their respective databases of computer memory 8 using the databasemanagement systems implemented by computer processor 4. Once all of thenew and the updated data model objects have been database instantiatedby computer processor 4 into data storage area 948 of computer memory 8,flow chart process flow 936 is followed by computer processor 4 to flowchart process 938.

The computer processor 4 uses flow chart process 938 to populate commondatabase tables in computer memory 8 with the common set of master datavalues needed to support the common unique index integrity of the commonunique indexes, such as common unique index 628 shown in FIG. 6 usingcommon index integrity rules, such as the common index integrity rulesfor common index master constraints detailed in spreadsheet 702 shown inFIG. 7. Each common database table of the common database table set ispopulated by the computer processor 4 with data from the common set ofmaster data values stored in computer memory 8 via the databasemanagement system implemented by the computer processor 4, while itenforces the appropriate common index integrity rules programmed intocomputer processor 4, which is stored in the computer memory 8. Once thecommon set of master data values have been established in the computermemory 8 in the common database table set, process flow 940 is followedby the computer processor 4 to the flow chart terminator 950 where theflow chart ends.

I claim:
 1. A method comprising using a computer processor to access afirst repository of metadata in a computer memory; using a computerprocessor to store a first data entity-relationship diagram in the firstrepository of metadata, wherein the first data entity-relationshipdiagram includes a plurality of data entities and a plurality of dataentity relationships stored in the computer memory, such that each ofthe plurality of data entity relationships links one of the plurality ofdata entities with only one of the plurality of data entities; whereineach of the plurality of data entities relates to one of a plurality ofoverall topics; wherein the first data entity-relationship diagramincludes a first data entity of the plurality of data entities relatingto a first data entity overall topic of the plurality of overall topics;wherein the first data entity includes a first data attribute relatingto a sub topic of the first data entity overall topic; and the methodfurther comprising using a computer processor to declare the first dataattribute to be a first unique key for the first data entity by storinga first unique key indicator in the computer memory to indicate that thefirst data attribute is a first unique key for the first data entity;using a computer processor to determine that the first data attribute isa first unique key for the first data entity, wherein the first dataentity is comprised of a plurality of instances, and the first dataattribute uniquely identifies each of the plurality of instances of thefirst data entity; wherein the first data entity-relationship diagramincludes a second data entity of the plurality of data entities relatingto a second data entity overall topic of the plurality of overalltopics; wherein the second data entity includes a second data attributerelating to a sub topic of the second data entity overall topic; and themethod further comprising using a computer processor to declare thesecond data attribute to be a second unique key for the second dataentity by storing a second unique key indicator in the computer memoryto indicate that the second data attribute is a second unique key of thesecond data entity; using a computer processor to determine that thesecond data attribute is a second unique key for the second data entity;wherein the second data entity is comprised of a plurality of instances,and the second data attribute uniquely identifies each of the pluralityof instances of the second data entity; using a computer processor toadd a first common entity relationship set as data to the firstrepository of metadata; wherein the first common entity relationship setgroups together a plurality of common group unique keys wherein each ofthe plurality of common group unique keys is the same as each of theother of the plurality of common group unique keys, except that each ofthe plurality of common group unique keys includes a data entity linkstored in the computer memory which specifies a data entity of theplurality of data entities to which each of the common group unique keysis related, such that each of the plurality of common group unique keysis related to a different data entity of the plurality of data entities;wherein the plurality of common group keys includes the first dataattribute and the second data attribute; and the method furthercomprising using a computer processor to add a first common entityrelationship indicator to computer memory to indicate that the firstdata attribute is a member of the first common entity relationship setin the first repository of metadata; and using a computer processor toadd a second common entity relationship indicator to the computer memoryto indicate that the second data attribute is a member of the firstcommon entity relationship set in the first repository of metadata; andusing a computer processor to store a common entity relationship link inthe first data entity-relationship diagram in the computer memory,wherein the common entity relationship link links the first dataattribute of the first data entity and the second data attribute of thesecond data entity, wherein the common entity relationship link is apeer-to-peer type of link; and wherein the first dataentity-relationship diagram, including the first data entity, the seconddata entity, the first data attribute and the second data attribute arestored in the first repository of metadata prior to adding the firstcommon entity relationship set as data to the first repository ofmetadata.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising using a computerprocessor to store a first common set of master data indicator in thefirst repository of metadata; wherein each of the plurality of dataentities has a plurality of instances; wherein two or more of theplurality of data entities are linked to the first common entityrelationship set by one or more of the plurality of common group uniquekeys; wherein the first common set of master data indicator indicatesthat the first data entity manages the plurality of instances of the twoor more data entities which are linked to the first common entityrelationship set by one or more of the plurality of common group uniquekeys; using a computer processor to retrieve the first common set ofmaster data indicator from the first repository of metadata; using acomputer processor to modify the plurality of instances of the two ormore data entities which are linked to the first common entityrelationship set based on the first common set of master data indicator;wherein the first data entity includes a plurality of instances; whereinthe second data entity includes a plurality of instances; wherein theplurality of instances for the first common entity relationship setincludes the plurality of instances of the first data entity and theplurality of instances of the second data entity and the first dataentity and the second data entity are members of the first common entityrelationship set; using a computer processor to configure the pluralityof instances of the first common entity relationship set in the computermemory by using the first data attribute of the first data entity in amanner which ensures that each of the plurality of instances of thefirst common entity relationship set is uniquely identified in thecomputer memory by the first data attribute; using the computerprocessor to ensure that each of the plurality of instances of thesecond data entity is one of the plurality of instances of the firstdata entity.
 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising using acomputer processor to add a first data model database to the first dataentity-relationship diagram in the first repository of metadata; using acomputer processor to add a second data model database to the first dataentity-relationship diagram in the first repository of metadata; using acomputer processor to add a first further plurality of data entities anda first further plurality of data entity relationships to the first datamodel database in the first data entity-relationship diagram in thefirst repository of metadata; using a computer processor to add a secondfurther plurality of data entities and a second further plurality ofdata entity relationships to the second data model database in the firstdata entity-relationship diagram in the first repository of metadata;using a computer processor to database instantiate the first data modeldatabase and the second data model database as two different physicaldatabases; where the first data entity is a member of the first datamodel database and the second data entity is a member of the second datamodel database.
 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising using acomputer processor to store a second data entity-relationship diagram inthe first repository of metadata; wherein the second dataentity-relationship diagram includes a third further plurality of dataentities and a third further plurality of data entity relationshipsstored in a computer memory, such that each of the third furtherplurality of data entity relationships links one of the third furtherplurality of data entities with only one of the third further pluralityof data entities; wherein each of the third further plurality of dataentities relates to one of a first further plurality of overall topics;using a computer processor to store a third data model database in thefirst repository of metadata; using a computer processor to add thethird data model database to the second data entity-relationship diagramin the first repository of metadata; using a computer processor to storea third data entity in the third data model database in the second dataentity-relationship diagram; where the third data entity relates to oneof a second further plurality of overall topics; where the third dataentity includes a third data attribute relating to a sub topic of athird data entity overall topic of the second further plurality ofoverall topics; the method further comprising using a computer processorto declare the third data attribute to be a third unique key for thethird data entity by storing a third unique key indicator in thecomputer memory to indicate that the third data attribute is a thirdunique key; using a computer processor to determine that the third dataattribute is a third unique key and is a unique key for the third dataentity, wherein the third data entity is comprised of a plurality ofinstances, and the third data attribute uniquely identifies each of theplurality of instances of the third data entity; the method furthercomprises using the computer processor to add a third common entityrelationship indicator to the computer memory to indicate that the thirddata attribute is a member of the first common entity relationship setin the first repository of metadata; and using a computer processor tostore a common entity relationship link in the secondentity-relationship diagram in the computer memory, wherein the commonentity relationship link links the first data attribute of the firstdata entity, the second data attribute of the second data entity, thethird data attribute of the third data entity; wherein the common entityrelationship link is a peer-to-peer type of link; and wherein the firstdata entity-relationship diagram including the first data entity, thesecond data entity, the first data attribute and the second dataattribute and the second entity-relationship diagram including the thirddata entity, the third data attribute are stored in the first repositoryof metadata prior to adding the first common entity relationship set asdata to the first repository of metadata; using a computer processor toretrieve the first common set of master data indicator from the firstrepository of metadata; using a computer processor to modify theplurality of instances of the two or more data entities which are linkedto the first common entity relationship set based on the first commonset of master data indicator; wherein the plurality of instances for thefirst common entity relationship set includes the plurality of instancesof the first data entity, the plurality of instances of the second dataentity, the plurality of the third data entity; wherein the first dataentity, the second data entity, the third data entity are members of thefirst common entity relationship set; using a computer processor toconfigure the plurality of instances of the first common entityrelationship set in the computer memory by using the first dataattribute of the first data entity in a manner which ensures that eachof the plurality of instances of the first common entity relationshipset is uniquely identified in the computer memory by the first dataattribute; using the computer processor to ensure that each of theplurality of instances of the second data entity is one of the pluralityof instances of the first data entity; using the computer processor toensure that each of the plurality of instances of the third data entityis one of the plurality of instances of the first data entity.
 5. Themethod of claim 3 further comprising using a computer processor to add athird data attribute to the first data entity in the first repository ofmetadata; wherein the third data attribute relates to a sub topic of thefirst data entity overall topic; using a computer processor to add afourth data attribute to the second data entity in the first repositoryof metadata; where the fourth data attribute relates to a sub topic ofthe second data entity overall topic; wherein the third data attributeand the fourth data attribute are the same.
 6. The method of claim 3further comprising using a computer processor to add a third data entityto the first data model database in the first repository of metadata;using a computer processor to add a fourth data entity to the seconddata model database in the first repository of metadata; using acomputer processor to add a third data attribute and a fourth dataattribute to the third data entity; the method further comprising usinga computer processor to declare the third data attribute and the fourthdata attribute to be a first composite unique key for the third dataentity by storing a third unique key indicator in the computer memory toindicate that the composite of the third data attribute and the fourthdata attribute is a first composite unique key; using a computerprocessor to add a fifth data attribute and a sixth data attribute tothe fourth data entity; the method further comprising using a computerprocessor to declare the fifth data attribute and the sixth dataattribute to be a second composite unique key for the third data entityby storing a third unique key indicator in the computer memory toindicate that the composite of the fifth data attribute and the sixthdata attribute is a second composite unique key; using a computerprocessor to add a second common entity relationship set as data to thefirst repository of metadata; wherein the second common entityrelationship set groups together a further plurality of common groupunique keys wherein each of the further plurality of common group uniquekeys is the same as each of the other of the further plurality of commongroup unique keys, except that each of the further plurality of commongroup unique keys includes a data entity link stored in the computermemory which specifies a data entity of the plurality of data entitiesto which each of the further plurality of common group unique keys isrelated, such that each of the further plurality of common group uniquekeys is related to a different data entity of the plurality of dataentities; wherein the further plurality of common group keys includesthe first composite unique key and the second composite unique key; andthe method further comprising using a computer processor to add a thirdcommon entity relationship indicator to computer memory to indicate thatthe first composite unique key is a member of the second common entityrelationship set in the first repository of metadata; and using acomputer processor to add a fourth common entity relationship indicatorto the computer memory to indicate that the second composite unique keyis a member of the second common entity relationship set in the firstrepository of metadata; and using a computer processor to store a commonentity relationship link in the first data entity-relationship diagramin the computer memory, wherein the common entity relationship linklinks the first composite unique key of the third data entity and thesecond composite unique key of the fourth data entity, wherein thecommon entity relationship link is a peer-to-peer type of link; whereinthe computer processor adds the third data attribute and the fourth dataattribute to the third data entity and declares the third data attributeand the fourth data attribute to be a first composite unique key for thethird data entity prior to adding the second common entity relationshipset as data to the first repository of metadata; and wherein thecomputer processor adds the fifth data attribute and the sixth dataattribute to the fourth data entity and declares the fifth dataattribute and the sixth data attribute to be a second composite uniquekey for the fourth data entity prior to adding the second common entityrelationship set as data to the first repository of metadata.
 7. Themethod of claim 6 further comprising using a computer processor to storea second common set of master data indicator in the first repository ofmetadata; wherein the second common set of master data indicatorindicates that the third data entity manages the plurality of instancesof the two or more data entities which are linked to the second commonentity relationship set by one or more of the plurality of common groupunique keys; using a computer processor to retrieve the second commonset of master data indicator from the first repository of metadata;using a computer processor to modify the plurality of instances of thetwo or more data entities which are linked to the second common entityrelationship set based on the second common set of master dataindicator; wherein the third data entity includes a plurality ofinstances; wherein the fourth data entity includes a plurality ofinstances; wherein the plurality of instances for the second commonentity relationship set includes the plurality of instances of the thirddata entity and the plurality of instances of the fourth data entity andthe third data entity and the fourth data entity are members of thesecond common entity relationship set; using a computer processor toconfigure the plurality of instances of the second common entityrelationship set in the computer memory by using the first compositeunique key of the third data entity in a manner which ensures that eachof the plurality of instances of the second common entity relationshipset is uniquely identified in the computer memory by the first compositeunique key; using the computer processor to ensure that each of theplurality of instances of the fourth data entity is one of the pluralityof instances of the third data entity.
 8. The method of claim 7 furthercomprising using a computer processor to add a seventh data attribute tothe third data entity in the first repository of metadata; wherein theseventh data attribute relates to a sub topic of a third data entityoverall topic of the plurality of overall topics; using a computerprocessor to add an eighth data attribute to the fourth data entity inthe first repository of metadata; where the eighth data attributerelates to a sub topic of a fourth data entity overall topic of theplurality of overall topics; and where the seventh data attribute andthe eighth data attribute are the same.
 9. A method comprising using acomputer processor to store a first database in a computer memory;wherein the first database includes a plurality of database tables and aplurality of database foreign key constraints, such that each of theplurality of database foreign key constraints links one of the pluralityof database tables with only one of the plurality of database tables;wherein each of the plurality of database tables relates to one of aplurality of overall topics; wherein the first database includes a firstdatabase table of the plurality of database tables relating to a firstdatabase table overall topic of the plurality of overall topics; whereinthe first database table includes a first database table column relatingto a sub topic of the first database table overall topic; and the methodfurther comprising using a computer processor to database instantiatethe first database table column with a first plurality of data values;using a computer processor to use the first plurality of data values ofthe first database table column as a source of data values for a firstunique index for the first database table; using a computer processor tothe enforce the first unique index of the first database table, wherethe first unique index is programmed to reject the storage in the firstdatabase table of any duplicate data values of the first plurality ofdata values; wherein the first database table is comprised of aplurality of data records, and each data value of the first plurality ofdata values in the first database table column uniquely identifies eachof the plurality of data records of the first database table; whereinthe first database includes a second database table of the plurality ofdatabase tables relating to a second database table overall topic of theplurality of overall topics; wherein the second database table includesa second database table column relating to a sub topic of the seconddatabase table overall topic; and the method further comprising using acomputer processor to database instantiate the second database tablecolumn with of a second plurality of data values; using a computerprocessor to use the second plurality of data values of the seconddatabase column as a source of data values for a second unique index forthe second database table; using a computer processor to reject thestorage in the second database table of any duplicate data values in thesecond plurality of data values, so that each of the second plurality ofdata values is different from each of the other of the second pluralityof data values; wherein the second database table is comprised of aplurality of data records, and each data value of the second pluralityof data values in the second database table column uniquely identifieseach of the plurality of data records in the second database table;using the computer processor to ensure that each of the plurality ofdata records of the second database table is one of the plurality ofdata records of the first database table; using the computer processorto ensure that each data record of the plurality of data records of thesecond database table may only be modified to match one of the datarecords of the plurality data records of the first database table; andusing the computer processor to ensure that each data record of theplurality of data records from the first database table may not bechanged if the same data record is in the plurality of data records ofthe second database table; using the computer processor to ensure thateach data record of the plurality of data records of the first databasetable cannot be deleted from the first database table if that same datarecord is in the plurality of data records of the second database table.10. The method of claim 9 further comprising using a computer processorto add a third database table column to the first database table in thefirst database; wherein the third database table column relates to a subtopic of the first database table overall topic; using a computerprocessor to add a fourth database table column to the second databasetable in the first database; where the fourth database column relates toa sub topic of the second database table overall topic; where the thirddatabase table column and the fourth database table column include thesame data attributes.
 11. A method comprising using a computer processorto store a first database in a computer memory; wherein the firstdatabase includes a plurality of database tables and a plurality ofdatabase foreign key constraints, such that each of the plurality ofdatabase foreign key constraints links one of the plurality of databasetables with only one of the plurality of database tables; wherein eachof the plurality of database tables relates to one of a plurality ofoverall topics; wherein the first database includes a first databasetable of the plurality of database tables relating to a first databasetable overall topic of the plurality of overall topics; wherein thefirst database table includes a first database table column relating toa sub topic of the first database table overall topic; and the methodfurther comprising using a computer processor to database instantiatethe first database table column with a first plurality of data values;using a computer processor to use the first plurality of data values ofthe first database table column as a source of data values for a firstunique index for the first database table; using a computer processor toreject the storage in the first database table of any duplicate datavalues in the first plurality of data values, so that each of the firstplurality of data values is different from each of the other of thefirst plurality of data values; wherein the first database table iscomprised of a plurality of data records, and each data value of thefirst plurality of data values stored in the first database table columnuniquely identifies each of the plurality of data records of the firstdatabase table; using a computer processor to store a second database ina computer memory; wherein the second database includes a furtherplurality of database tables and a further plurality of database foreignkey constraints, such that each of the further plurality of databaseforeign key constraints links one of the further plurality of databasetables with only one of the further plurality of database tables;wherein each of the plurality of database tables relates to one of afurther plurality of overall topics; wherein the second databaseincludes a second database table of the further plurality of databasetables relating to a second database table overall topic of the furtherplurality of overall topics; wherein the second database table includesa second database table column relating to a sub topic of the seconddatabase table overall topic; and the method further comprising using acomputer processor to database instantiate the second database tablecolumn with a second plurality of data values; using a computerprocessor to reject the storage in the second database table of anyduplicate data values in the second plurality of data values, so thateach of the second plurality of data values is different from each ofthe other of the second plurality of data values; wherein the seconddatabase table is comprised of a plurality of data records, and eachdata value of the second plurality of data values stored in the seconddatabase table column uniquely identifies each of the plurality of datarecords of the second database table; using the computer processor toensure that each of the plurality of data records of the second databasetable stored in the second database is one of the plurality of datarecords of the first database table stored in the first database; usingthe computer processor to ensure that each data record of the pluralityof data records of the second database table stored in the seconddatabase may only be modified to match one of the data records of theplurality data records of the first database table stored in the firstdatabase; and using the computer processor to ensure that each datarecord of the plurality of data records from the first database tablestored in the first database may not be changed if the same data recordis in the plurality of data records of the second database table storedin the second database; using the computer processor to ensure that eachdata record of the plurality of data records of the first database tablestored in the first database cannot be deleted from the first databasetable if that same data record is in the plurality of data records ofthe second database table stored in the second database.
 12. A methodcomprising using a computer processor to access a first repository ofmetadata in a computer memory; using a computer processor to store afirst data entity-relationship diagram in the first repository ofmetadata, wherein the first data entity-relationship diagram includes afirst plurality of data entities and a first plurality of data entityrelationships stored in the computer memory, such that each of the firstplurality of data entity relationships links one of the first pluralityof data entities with only one of the first plurality of data entities;wherein each of the first plurality of data entities relates to one of afirst plurality of overall topics; wherein the first dataentity-relationship diagram includes a first data entity of the firstplurality of data entities relating to a first data entity overall topicof the first plurality of overall topics; wherein the first data entityincludes a first data attribute relating to a sub topic of the firstdata entity overall topic; and the method further comprising using acomputer processor to declare the first data attribute to be a firstunique key for the first data entity by storing a first unique keyindicator in the computer memory to indicate that the first dataattribute is a first unique key for the first data entity; using acomputer processor to determine that the first data attribute is a firstunique key for the first data entity, wherein the first data entity iscomprised of a first plurality of instances, and the first dataattribute uniquely identifies each of the first plurality of instancesof the first data entity; using a computer processor to access a secondrepository of metadata in the computer memory; using a computerprocessor to store a second data entity-relationship diagram in thesecond repository of metadata, wherein the second dataentity-relationship diagram includes a second plurality of data entitiesand a second plurality of data entity relationships stored in thecomputer memory, such that each of the second plurality of data entityrelationships links one of the second plurality of data entities withonly one of the second plurality of data entities; wherein each of thesecond plurality of data entities relates to one of a second pluralityof overall topics; wherein the second data entity-relationship diagramincludes a second data entity of the second plurality of data entitiesrelating to a second data entity overall topic of the second pluralityof overall topics; wherein the second data entity includes a second dataattribute relating to a sub topic of the second data entity overalltopic; and the method further comprising using a computer processor todeclare the second data attribute to be a second unique key for thesecond data entity by storing a second unique key indicator in thecomputer memory to indicate that the second data attribute is a secondunique key for the second data entity; using a computer processor todetermine that the second data attribute is a second unique key for thesecond data entity, wherein the second data entity is comprised of asecond plurality of instances, and the second data attribute uniquelyidentifies each of the second plurality of instances of the second dataentity; using a computer processor to add a first common entityrelationship set as data to the first repository of metadata and to thesecond repository of metadata; wherein the first common entityrelationship set groups together a plurality of common group unique keyswherein each of the plurality of common group unique keys is the same aseach of the other of the plurality of common group unique keys, exceptthat each of the plurality of common group unique keys includes a dataentity link stored in the computer memory which specifies a data entityof the plurality of data entities to which each of the common groupunique keys is related, such that each of the plurality of common groupunique keys is related to a different data entity of the plurality ofdata entities; wherein the plurality of common group keys includes thefirst data attribute of the first data entity of the firstentity-relationship diagram; wherein the plurality of common group keysincludes the second data attribute of the second data entity of thesecond entity-relationship diagram; and the method further comprisingusing a computer processor to add a first common entity relationshipindicator to computer memory to indicate that the first data attributeis a member of the first common entity relationship set in the firstrepository of metadata; and using a computer processor to add a secondcommon entity relationship indicator to the computer memory to indicatethat the second data attribute is a member of the first common entityrelationship set in the second repository of metadata; and using acomputer processor to store a first common entity relationship link inthe first data entity-relationship diagram in the computer memory,wherein the first common entity relationship link links the first dataattribute of the first data entity to the first common entityrelationship set; using a computer processor to store a second commonentity relationship link in the second data entity-relationship diagramin the computer memory, wherein the second common entity relationshiplink links the second data attribute of the second data entity to thefirst common entity relationship set.
 13. The method of claim 12 furthercomprising using a computer processor to store a first database in acomputer memory; wherein the first database includes a first pluralityof database tables database instantiated from the first plurality ofdata entities and a first plurality of database foreign key constraintsdatabase instantiated from the first plurality of data entityrelationships, such that each of the first plurality of database foreignkey constraints links one of the first plurality of database tables withonly one of the first plurality of database tables; wherein the firstdatabase includes a first database table of the first plurality ofdatabase tables database instantiated from the first data entity;wherein the first database table includes a first database table columnthat is database instantiated from the first data attribute; the methodfurther comprising using a computer processor to database instantiate afirst unique index from the first unique key of the first data entityfor the first database table; using a computer processor to determinethat the first database table column of the first database table is thefirst unique index for the first database table, wherein the firstdatabase table is comprised of a first plurality of data records, andthe first database table column uniquely identifies each of the firstplurality of data records for the first database table; using a computerprocessor to read metadata from the second repository of metadata; usinga computer processor to store a second database in a computer memory;wherein the second database includes a second plurality of databasetables database instantiated from the second plurality of data entitiesand a second plurality of database foreign key constraints databaseinstantiated from the second plurality of data entity relationships,such that each of the second plurality of database foreign keyconstraints links one of the second plurality of database tables withonly one of the second plurality of database tables; wherein the seconddatabase includes a second database table of the second plurality ofdatabase tables database instantiated from the second data entity;wherein the second database table includes a second database tablecolumn that is database instantiated from the second data attribute; andthe method further comprising using a computer processor to databaseinstantiate a second unique index from a second unique key of the seconddata entity for the second database table; using a computer processor todetermine that the second database table column of the second databasetable is the second unique index for the second database table, whereinthe second database table is comprised of a second plurality of datarecords, and the second database table column uniquely identifies eachof the second plurality of data records for the second database table;using a computer processor to store a first computer program in apredefined location in the computer memory; using a computer processorto store data referring to the predefined location in the first commonentity relationship set in the first repository of metadata; and using acomputer processor to store the predefined location in the first commonentity relationship set in the second repository of metadata; using acomputer processor implementing the first computer program, to add afirst plurality of data records to the first database table in the firstdatabase; using a computer processor implementing the first computerprogram, to add a second plurality of data records to second databasetable in the second database; wherein the first plurality of datarecords and the second plurality of data records are the same.
 14. Themethod of claim 12 further comprising using a computer processor to adda first common set of master data indicator to the first common entityrelationship set in the first repository of metadata and to the secondrepository of metadata; wherein the first common set of master dataindicator indicates that the first data entity of the firstentity-relationship diagram is used by a computer processor to managethe plurality of instances of the two or more data entities which arelinked to the first common entity relationship set by one or more of theplurality of common group unique keys; using a computer processor toretrieve the first common set of master data indicator from the firstrepository of metadata; using a computer processor to modify theplurality of instances of the two or more data entities which are linkedto the first common entity relationship set based on the first commonset of master data indicator; wherein the first data entity includes aplurality of instances; wherein the second data entity includes aplurality of instances; wherein the plurality of instances for the firstcommon entity relationship set includes the plurality of instances ofthe first data entity and the plurality of instances of the second dataentity and the first data entity and the second data entity are membersof the first common entity relationship set; using a computer processorto configure the plurality of instances of the first common entityrelationship set in the computer memory by using the first unique key ofthe first data entity in a manner which ensures that each of theplurality of instances of the first common entity relationship set isuniquely identified in the computer memory by the first unique key;using the computer processor to ensure that each of the plurality ofinstances of the second data entity is one of the plurality of instancesof the first data entity.
 15. The method of claim 14 further comprisingusing a computer processor to store a first database in a computermemory; wherein the first database includes a first plurality ofdatabase tables database instantiated from the first plurality of dataentities and a first plurality of database foreign key constraintsdatabase instantiated from the first plurality of data entityrelationships, such that each of the first plurality of database foreignkey constraints links one of the first plurality of database tables withonly one of the first plurality of database tables; wherein the firstdatabase includes a first database table of the first plurality ofdatabase tables database instantiated from the first data entity;wherein the first database table includes a first database table columnthat is database instantiated from the first data attribute; the methodfurther comprising using a computer processor to database instantiate afirst unique index from the first unique key of the first data entityfor the first database table; using a computer processor to determinethat the first database table column of the first database table is thefirst unique index for the first database table, wherein the firstdatabase table is comprised of a first plurality of data records, andthe first database table column uniquely identifies each of the firstplurality of data records for the first database table; using a computerprocessor to read metadata from the second repository of metadata; usinga computer processor to store a second database in a computer memory;wherein the second database includes a second plurality of databasetables database instantiated from the second plurality of data entitiesand a second plurality of database foreign key constraints databaseinstantiated from the second plurality of data entity relationships,such that each of the second plurality of database foreign keyconstraints links one of the second plurality of database tables withonly one of the second plurality of database tables; wherein the seconddatabase includes a second database table of the second plurality ofdatabase tables database instantiated from the second data entity;wherein the second database table includes a second database tablecolumn that is database instantiated from the second data attribute; andthe method further comprising using a computer processor to databaseinstantiate a second unique index from a second unique key of the seconddata entity for the second database table; using a computer processor todetermine that the second database table column of the second databasetable is the second unique index for the second database table, whereinthe second database table is comprised of a second plurality of datarecords, and the second database table column uniquely identifies eachof the second plurality of data records for the second database table;using the computer processor to ensure that each of the plurality ofdata records of the second database table is one of the plurality ofdata records of the first database table; using the computer processorto ensure that each data record of the plurality of data records of thesecond database table may only be modified to match one of the datarecords of the plurality data records of the first database table; andusing the computer processor to ensure that each data record of theplurality of data records from the first database table may not bechanged if the same data record is in the plurality of data records ofthe second database table; and using the computer processor to ensurethat each data record of the plurality of data records of the firstdatabase table cannot be deleted from the first database table if thatsame data record is in the plurality of data records of the seconddatabase table.
 16. A computing system, comprising: a computerprocessor; a computer memory having stored therein: a first data entitywith a first unique key, which serves as a unique key in the first dataentity; a second data entity with the first unique key, which serves asa unique key in the second data entity; a first common entityrelationship set relating the first unique key of the first data entitywith the first unique key of the second data entity; and wherein thecomputer memory includes instructions stored therein for programing thecomputer processor to: database instantiate a first database table fromthe first data entity and a first unique index in the first databasetable from the first unique key in the first data entity; databaseinstantiate a second database table from the second data entity and thefirst unique index in the second database table from the first uniquekey in the second data entity; populate the first database table withdata records; declare the data records of the first database table as afirst single common set of master data records; populate the seconddatabase table with data records from the first single common set ofmaster data records; wherein the second database table is a dependenttable which is dependent on the first database table; wherein thecomputer processor limits the data records permitted in the seconddatabase table, such that all data records permitted in the seconddatabase table must be in the first database table; and wherein thecomputer processor is programmed to permit creation of one or more datarecords in the first database table by adding a corresponding one ormore rows to the first database table without consideration for datarecords of the second database table.
 17. The computing system of claim16: wherein the first unique key of the first data entity is a firstalternate key; wherein the first unique key of the second data entity isthe first alternate key; wherein the first unique index in the firstdatabase table is not a primary index in the first database table; andwherein the first unique index in the second database table is not aprimary index for the second database table.
 18. The computing system ofclaim 16 wherein the first unique key of the first data entity is afirst composite alternate key; wherein the first unique key of thesecond data entity is the first composite alternate key; wherein thefirst unique index in the first database table is the first compositeunique index in the first database table; and wherein the first uniqueindex in the second database table is the first composite unique indexin the second database table.
 19. The computing system of claim 16wherein the computer processor is programmed to add a first data modeldatabase to designate a first database to be database instantiated;wherein the computer processor is programmed to add a second data modeldatabase to designate a second database to be database instantiated;wherein the first data entity is contained within the first data modeldatabase and the second data entity is contained within the second datamodel database; wherein the computer memory has instructions storedtherein to database instantiate the first data model database as a firstphysical database within a database management system and the seconddata model database as a second physical database within a databasemanagement system; and wherein the first physical database contains thefirst database table and the second physical database contains thesecond database table.
 20. The computing system of claim 16 wherein thecomputer processor is programmed to add a third data entity with thefirst unique key, which serves as a unique key in the third data entity;wherein the first common entity relationship set also relates the firstunique key of the third data entity with the first unique key of thefirst data entity and with the first unique key of the second dataentity; wherein the computer memory also includes instructions storedtherein for programming the computer processor to: database instantiatea third database table from the third data entity and the first uniqueindex in the third database table from the first unique key in the thirddata entity; populate the third database table with data records fromthe first single common set of master data records; wherein the computerprocessor limits the data records permitted in the third database table,such that all data records permitted in the third database table must bein the first database table; and wherein the computer processor isprogrammed to permit data records in the first database table which arenot in the third database table.
 21. The computing system of claim 20wherein the computer processor is programmed to add a first data modeldatabase to designate a first database to be database instantiated and asecond data model database to designate a second database to be databaseinstantiated and a third data model database to designate a thirddatabase to be database instantiated; wherein the first data entity iscontained within the first data model database and the second dataentity is contained within the second data model database and the thirddata entity is contained within the third data model database; andwherein the computer memory has instructions stored therein to databaseinstantiate the first data model database as a first physical databasewithin a database management system and the second data model databaseas a second physical database within a database management system andthe third data model database as a third physical database within adatabase management system; and wherein the first physical databasecontains the first database table database instantiated from the firstdata entity and the second physical database contains the seconddatabase table database instantiated from the second data entity and thethird physical database contains the third database table databaseinstantiated from the third data entity.
 22. An apparatus comprising,one or more computer processors; and one or more computer memorieshaving stored therein: a first data entity with a first unique keytherein, wherein the first unique key in the first data entity is not aforeign key in the first data entity; a second data entity with thefirst unique key therein, wherein the first unique key in the seconddata entity is not a foreign key in the second data entity; a third dataentity with the first unique key therein, wherein the first unique keyin the third data entity is not a foreign key in the third data entity;and wherein the one or more computer memories have instructions storedtherein for programming the one or more computer processors to perform amethod to create a common entity relationship set comprising: forming afirst common entity relationship set in the one or more computermemories that includes a first common entity relationship to the firstunique key of the first data entity and includes a second common entityrelationship to the first unique key of the second data entity andincludes a third common entity relationship to the first unique key ofthe third data entity; and wherein the first common entity relationshipis a peer-to-peer type of relationship that relates common unique keyattributes that are neither donated by the first data entity norinherited by the first data entity; wherein the second common entityrelationship is a peer-to-peer type of relationship that relates commonunique key attributes that are neither donated by the second data entitynor inherited by the second data entity; and wherein the third commonentity relationship is a peer-to-peer type of relationship that relatescommon unique key attributes that are neither donated by the third dataentity nor inherited by the third data entity.
 23. The apparatus ofclaim 22 wherein the one or more computer memories have instructionsstored therein to database instantiate one or more data model objectsinto database objects in the one or more computer memories.
 24. Theapparatus of claim 22 wherein the first data entity resides in a firstdata model database in the one or more computer memories; wherein thesecond data entity resides in a second data model database in the one ormore computer memories; and wherein the third data entity resides in athird data model database in the one or more computer memories.
 25. Theapparatus of claim 24 wherein the first data model database and thesecond data model database and the third data model database reside in afirst data model in the one or more computer memories.
 26. The apparatusof claim 22 wherein the first unique key of the first data entity is afirst alternate key; wherein the first unique key of the second dataentity is the first alternate key; and wherein the first unique key ofthe third data entity is the first alternate key.
 27. The apparatus ofclaim 22 wherein the first unique key of the first data entity is aprimary key of the first data entity; wherein the first unique key ofthe second data entity is a primary key of the second data entity; andwherein the first unique key of the third data entity is a primary keyof the third data entity.